By Joe George “Preserving was almost a mania with mrs. Bergson…When there was nothing to preserve, she began to pickle.”—Willa Cather, “Death comes for the Archbishop” (1927)

I’m the type of person that tends to wonder a lot, and I’ve been this way as long as I can remember. Being an avid bicyclist, for example, I often wonder what it was like before the advent of the automobile. People traveled less, no doubt, and worked close to home—indeed, to travel 20 miles may have taken the better part of a day.

Now you may be wondering what this has to do with a food column. Well, to answer that I have to take you into my basement—vicariously, of course.

Eating local is the food catch phrase of the day, and rightly so. but a generation ago this phrase was rarely mentioned, except maybe by a few hippies and other back-to-earth types. And a couple generations prior you’d have gotten odd looks if you asked if the peach on the counter was local. in earlier times, preserving food without refrigeration or canning was a common skill. we are, in fact, only a few generations removed from this. I still remember my grandmother telling me that when she was a little girl, having an orange this far north was something really special.

Stop for a minute and consider this: we once sustained ourselves on a diet where the food was in season and primarily raised or grown in the region where we live.

This is exactly what I was pondering as I did a yearly inspection of my heating system on a chilly September morning. Like many old houses, mine was built on a partial basement; it’s a small area, supporting only a portion of the house. it was undoubtedly intended as a partial foundation and, just as important at the time, a place to store food. in the cold months it would be warm enough to hold vegetables and other perishables without freezing them, which they undoubtedly would have done in the house proper on a frigid Buffalo night.

I tried to imagine what it would have been like to live in our region back then. two questions immediately came to mind: how the hell did they keep warm, and what did they eat in the dead of winter? various smoked and salted meats, probably, but more obvious foods—and probably some of the more abundant at the time—were root vegetables, pickled vegetables, and preserves. And to me these probably were, and for the most part still are, like Buffalonians themselves: hearty enough to withstand our sometimes long and frigid winters. the seasons shaped the people and dictated what they ate. as I stood sipping my coffee I tried to imagine the basement filled not with the boiler and its octopus-like appendages—that was obviously a later addition—but with root vegetables, cabbage, crocks of bubbling sauerkraut, pickles, and, more likely than not, a barrel or two of beer or wine.

Lexington Co-operative Market807 Elmwood Avenue, Buffalo

“The seasonal ingredients that we’ve been using a lot of are zucchini, cauliflower, tomato, and other fresh vegetables. we get our produce locally from Bippert’s, a farm in Elma. With these ingredients we make ratatouille, which is a stew made with zucchini, eggplant, onions, bell peppers, and spices such as thyme and rosemary. we roast the cauliflower and include it in a mashed potato dish. we also offer vegan tomato basil soup made with local tomatoes. we make the soup with local tomatoes, onion, basil, olive oil, garlic, salt, pepper, and soy creamer. Our roasted chicken is very popular. we prepare it a few different ways but the rosemary rub roasted chicken is the most popular. we get our chicken locally from Wendel’s Farm.”

—jill greenberg & cory perla

While canning, pickling, and fermenting are regaining popularity, their original importance in our regional diet cannot be overstated; these are foods that developed out of necessity in the days before refrigeration.

The etymologies of some of the ingredients and recipes are particularly interesting. Salt, for example, is the ingredient that none of these recipes can due without. but this simple mineral that we find so ubiquitous and innocuous today is actually the source of the English word salary and the French word argent (meaning money). At one time it was so valued that Roman soldiers were paid a salarium argentums, or “salt allowance.” On a more local scale, the Erie Canal was once known as “the ditch that salt built,” because one of its original cargoes was salt.

Of the various genres of put-up foods, three come to mind: preserves, pickles, and condiments. Preserves obviously derives from the word preserved, but the latter two are less overt but no less interesting. the word pickle is said to come from the Middle Dutch pekle, meaning solution or brine, whereas the word condiment comes from the Latin condimentum; its derivatives are condire and condere, which mean to season, pickle, or store.

Most fermented recipes initially have high concentrations of salt, but when made correctly they are not necessarily salty and are in fact naturally flavorful and good for you. Fermentation inhibits the grown of harmful bacteria but provides the right conditions for good bacteria, or probiotics, mainly Lactobacilli, which is the bacteria found in yogurt, sauerkraut, and a host of other naturally fermented foods. And vegetables create nutrients during the fermentation process, mainly B vitamins but also folic acid, riboflavin, and niacin. the people of Bulgaria consume more fermented milk products per capita than any other population in the world, and they also have some of the longest life spans. the lacto acid bacteria that is produced specifically in fermented milk (yogurt and kefir) is in fact named after that region, Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

There is growing scientific interest in research of these natural probiotics. the website of the Mayo Clinic says that there is encouraging evidence that probiotics may aid in reducing many physical ailments—mostly gastrointestinal but also eczema and the reoccurrence of bladder cancer. And if you’re daunted by the thought of having to eat large quantities of lacto-fermented foods to reap their probiotic benefits, think again. in their 50-page manifesto on fermented vegetables, making Sauerkraut and Pickled Vegetables at Home, authors Klaus Kaufmann and Annelies Schoneck say, “Our body certainly does not need huge amounts of lactic acid fermented vegetables. Small amounts taken regularly are quite sufficient to initiate many healing processes.”

Said simply, pickled and fermented foods are the original comfort food. in this age of everything being hyper-fast, it’s really refreshing to prepare foods slowly, sometimes really slowly. This column will be whisked to the editor’s office via the internet. I can’t see it go, it just does. On my counter is a batch of sauerkraut, pickled turnips, and 10-year-old sourdough starter, and with them I can engage all of my senses. I can see them, smell them, feel them, taste them, and, if I listen closely enough, even hear them bubbling.

But taste is the best part.

Italian-Style Pickled Vegetables(Giardiniera)

Select a variety of mixed vegetables and hot peppers. Peel, seed, and dice them as necessary. place them in a bowl and cover them with salt water—1⁄2 cup salt to every gallon of water. Weight the vegetables with a plate to keep them submerged and leave them at room temperature overnight. the next day drain the vegetables and rinse them; discard the salt water. place them into a jar or other suitable vessel. Make a brine using equal parts vinegar, olive oil, and water; add salt, herbs, and spices to your liking. Weight the vegetables to keep them submerged. Refrigerate for up to a month.

German-Style Fermented Turnips(Sauerrüben)5 pounds turnips3 tablespoons kosher salt

Peel and grate the turnip. Sprinkle it with the salt and mix. Taste the turnip; it should taste salty but not overly so. Transfer to a container that is wide enough to fit a few small plates. Press the turnip down with your hands and weight it with plates. Cover and leave at room temperature. after a day it should have released enough of its own liquid that it is submerged; if not, add enough salted water to cover the cabbage. after two or three days small bubbles will appear, and after about a week or so it will begin to smell and taste distinctively sour. Depending on the temperature of your kitchen, the sauerrüben will take between one and three weeks to sour completely. Taste it as often as you like, and when the flavor is to your liking transfer the container to the refrigerator to slow its fermentation.

Lebanese-Style Pickled Turnips8 turnips, peeled and sliced1 beet, peeled and sliced1 small onion, peeled and sliced2 jalapenos, peeled and sliced4 cups water2 tablespoon kosher salt

Combine the turnips, beets, onions, and jalapeno in a container that is wide enough to fit a few small plates. Press down on the vegetables with your hands to release some of their juices. Combine the water and salt in a bowl and pour over the vegetables. Weight the vegetables with plates; they should be completely covered in salt water. Cover and leave at room temperature. Small bubbles will appear within two or three days, and after about a week or so it will begin to smell and taste distinctively sour. Depending on the temperature of your kitchen, the turnip will take between one and three weeks to sour completely. Taste it as often as you like, and when the flavor is to your liking transfer the container to the refrigerator to slow its fermentation.

German-Style Sauerkraut1 small head of cabbage2 tablespoons kosher salt

Remove the outer leaves of the cabbage and cut the head in half and then quarters. cut out the core and discard it. Slice the cabbage as thin as you are able and put it in a large bowl. Sprinkle with two or three tablespoons salt and mix. Taste the cabbage; it should taste salty but not overly so. Transfer the cabbage to a container that is wide enough to fit a few small plates. Press the cabbage down with your hands and weight it with plates. Cover the container and leave at room temperature. after a day the cabbage should have released enough of its own liquid that it is submerged; if not, add enough salted water to cover the cabbage. after two or three days small bubbles will appear; after about a week or so it will begin to smell and taste distinctively sour. Depending on the temperature of your kitchen, the cabbage will take between one and three weeks to sour completely. Taste it as often as you like, and when the flavor is to your liking transfer the container to the refrigerator to slow its fermentation.

Korean-Style Sauerkraut(Kim Chi)1 head Napa cabbage, cut into two-inch pieces1 small daikon, grated2 tablespoons kosher salt2 cloves garlic, minced1 small piece ginger, minced1 small onion, minced2 tablespoons chili paste1 tablespoon sugar

Mix all of the ingredients together in a large bowl. Transfer to a container that is wide enough to fit a few small plates inside it. Press the cabbage down and weight it with plates. Cover the container and leave at room temperature. after a day it should release enough liquid that it is submerged; if not, add a little salted water. after about two days small bubbles will appear, and after about a week or so it will smell and taste distinctively sour. Taste it as often as you like, and when the flavor is to your liking transfer the container to the refrigerator to slow its fermentation.

Pickled Carrot Sticks4 carrots, peeled and cut into sticks1 1/4 cups water1 cup cider vinegar1/2 cup sugar2 garlic cloves, crushed1 bunch dill1 tablespoon salt

Place the carrots in a heatproof bowl. Bring the remaining ingredients to a boil in saucepan, then reduce the heat and simmer two minutes. Pour the pickling liquid over the carrots. Refrigerate for future use.